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Autor Tópico: Grécia - Tópico principal  (Lida 1839958 vezes)

tommy

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Re: Grécia - Tópico principal
« Responder #7520 em: 2015-07-07 15:01:34 »
http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-07-07/how-greece-s-bank-bailout-benefited-greeks

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How Greece's Bank Bailout Benefited Greeks
2 Jul 7, 2015 9:36 AM EDT
By Leonid Bershidsky

A lot of the money from the two Greek bailouts went to banks, including local ones and the subsidiaries of foreign banks operating in Greece. Yet lenders are now the weakest link in the Greek economy. The European Central Bank has only to reduce liquidity assistance or demand more collateral, and the country's financial system will run out of euros. So what happened to all that bailout money?

Greece's champions, including Nobel-winning economists Paul Krugman and Joseph Stiglitz, have said repeatedly that the Greek bailouts favored foreign lenders. "We should be clear: Almost none of the huge amount of money loaned to Greece has actually gone there," Stiglitz wrote in a recent column. "It has gone to pay out private-sector creditors – including German and French banks. Greece has gotten but a pittance, but it has paid a high price to preserve these countries’ banking systems." That claim has become part of the mythology surrounding the Greek crisis.

In reality, it's not hard to figure out how much money foreign banks pulled out, and how much they lost, in the course of the two bailouts. According to data from the Bank of International Settlements, at the end of 2009, total international claims on Greece stood at $177.9 billion, $96.6 billion of it on the public sector (those were investments in Greece's already swollen government debt). By the end of 2011, before the second bailout and Greece's big debt restructuring, international claims were down to $73.3 billion, $40.8 billion of it on the public sector.

This means that the first bailout, agreed in May 2010 -- 110 billion euros ($120 billion) from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund -- did indeed help foreign banks reduce their exposure to Greek public-sector debt, by $55.8 billion. This sounds like a lot of money, but it was a tiny fraction of German and French banks' total foreign exposure. At the end of 2009, German banks' international position stood at $4.9 trillion, according to the BIS. Contrary to widespread perception, Germany didn't stand to lose much from a Greek default, and it opposed the first bailout.

Nevertheless, foreign banks unquestionably benefited from that first deal. So did Greek banks. According to the debt relief advocacy group Jubilee Debt Campaign, Greece paid out a total of 73 billion euros (about $80 billion) worth of principal and interest on its government debt in 2010 and 2011, so more than $20 billion must have gone to local financial institutions.

What happened afterward is covered in great detail in "The Greek Debt Restructuring: An Autopsy," a 2013 paper by Jeromin Zettelmeyer, Christoph Trebesch and Mitu Gulati. In June 2011, the IMF declared Greek government debt still unsustainable and said Greece needed either another 70-104 billion euros from official creditors or a private debt restructuring. Immediately, German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schaeuble began pushing for the second option. The EU and the IMF pledged another 64 billion euros, and bankers started getting ready to lose part of their remaining Greek debt holdings.

After protracted negotiations and arm-twisting, by the end of April 2012, Greece managed to reduce the face value of its debt by 107 billion euros, or 52 percent. The creditors took a haircut of up to 65 percent, which Zettelmeyer and collaborators calculated as the loss in present value implicit in the bond exchange that Greece initiated. The loss was higher than the straight principal reduction implied because investors also agreed to maturity extensions.

"Within the class of high- and middle-income countries, only three restructuring cases were harsher on private creditors: Iraq in 2006 (91%), Argentina in 2005 (76%) and Serbia and Montenegro in 2004 (71%)," Zettelmeyer wrote. The restructuring was also the biggest ever in absolute size.

At this point, Greek banks stood to lose as much or more than foreign financial institutions. When they joined the creditor committee that negotiated the restructuring, they had the biggest holdings of Greek government debt among its members. The National Bank of Greece held 13.7 billion euros of Greek sovereign bonds, Piraeus Bank had 9.4 billion, Alpha Eurobank had 3.7 billion and Marfin bank had 2.3 billion.  For comparison's sake, Deutsche Bank's holding was a mere 1.6 billion.

In March 2012, the IMF said the debt restructuring would "trigger impairments of about 22 billion euros" and that "regulatory capital will be wiped out for four banks representing 44 percent of system assets, while the remaining banks would end up significantly undercapitalized." So in April of that year Greece borrowed 25 billion euros from the European Financial Stability Facility to recapitalize the banks, effectively compensating them for losses from the restructuring.

In total, therefore, Greek banks received about 45 billion euros from the bailouts, more than the 41 billion Europe allocated to Spain's bank recapitalization. Although more than half of it was needed to cover losses from the government-imposed haircut, Greece didn't have to take on the extra debt -- it could have "bailed in" the banks' creditors and depositors, as Cyprus did in 2013. In the Greek case, however, nothing as harsh as that was under discussion.

The recapitalization helped get Greek banks back on their feet. They were still overburdened with bad loans, but in March 2014 Piraeus managed to borrow from the markets for the first time since the crisis started. In April, the National Bank of Greece followed.

Now, Greek banks depend almost entirely on emergency liquidity assistance from the ECB, set at 89 billion euros. That aid allows the banks to keep their ATMs open and (so far) disburse up to 60 euros per day per client. There's not much more they can do, and the government on Monday told them to keep their doors closed until Thursday. There will probably be another extension unless there is a surprise deal with creditors.

So where did the banks' bailout money go? One might say it went to the Greek people, after all. As soon as they got wind that Marxists from the Syriza party could form the next government, they ran to the banks to withdraw deposits, which had remained relatively stable since the bailouts began. Between the end of November and the end of May, they withdrew more than 32 billion euros:


The June withdrawals probably brought the outflow close to the amount of aid that the banks operating in Greece have received from the government.

True, the Greeks who managed to get their money out before the government had to close the banks are not the country's poorest citizens who are most in need of help. Yet they are the ones to whom the government of Alexis Tsipras, in effect, redistributed the money that went first to Greek banks. In view of what's coming if Tsipras fails to negotiate a new deal with creditors, those depositors should be eternally grateful that he didn't close the banks any earlier.




Counter Retail Trader

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Re: Grécia - Tópico principal
« Responder #7521 em: 2015-07-07 15:04:16 »
Vejam o outro papel que o Paulo referiu , estao a querer ganhar tempo para começar a imprimir , nao vejo outra alternativa que justifique....

vbm

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Re: Grécia - Tópico principal
« Responder #7522 em: 2015-07-07 15:08:12 »
[ ]
Todos gostam de um bom herói. [ ]
A Grécia do referendo e da luta contra a austeridade.
Um herói precisa de vilões para ser realçado. [ ]
Os malvados credores, isto é, as instituições europeias. [ ]

Ou seja, os vilões não são vilões!

camisa

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Re: Grécia - Tópico principal
« Responder #7523 em: 2015-07-07 15:54:48 »
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EUROGROUP PRESIDENT DIJSSELBLOEM SAYS EUROGROUP TO DISCUSS MEDIUM-TERM ESM PROGRAMME FOR GREECE

???????????

Incognitus

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Re: Grécia - Tópico principal
« Responder #7524 em: 2015-07-07 16:01:28 »
* DJ EU'S DIJSSELBLOEM: ANOTHER EUROGROUP NEEDED TO DECIDE WHETHER TO HOLD NEGOTIATIONS

* JUNCKER SAYS GREEK SOLUTION 'DEPENDS ON MR. TSIPRAS'
"Nem tudo o que pode ser contado conta, e nem tudo o que conta pode ser contado.", Albert Einstein

Incognitus, www.thinkfn.com

Zel

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Re: Grécia - Tópico principal
« Responder #7525 em: 2015-07-07 16:04:07 »
* DJ EU'S DIJSSELBLOEM: ANOTHER EUROGROUP NEEDED TO DECIDE WHETHER TO HOLD NEGOTIATIONS

* JUNCKER SAYS GREEK SOLUTION 'DEPENDS ON MR. TSIPRAS'

estao a negociar comecar a negociar... haha

grande previsao do varoufakis aquela do acordo em 24h, sempre 7 passos a frente

tommy

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Re: Grécia - Tópico principal
« Responder #7526 em: 2015-07-07 16:08:52 »

Zel

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Re: Grécia - Tópico principal
« Responder #7527 em: 2015-07-07 16:09:40 »
as coisas na grecia vao comecar a apertar em breve, a economia deve estar a comecar a colapsar

Lark

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Re: Grécia - Tópico principal
« Responder #7528 em: 2015-07-07 16:10:15 »
* DJ EU'S DIJSSELBLOEM: ANOTHER EUROGROUP NEEDED TO DECIDE WHETHER TO HOLD NEGOTIATIONS

* JUNCKER SAYS GREEK SOLUTION 'DEPENDS ON MR. TSIPRAS'

estao a negociar comecar a negociar... haha

grande previsao do varoufakis aquela do acordo em 24h, sempre 7 passos a frente

eu já te expliquei que não foi isso que ele disse. e tu reconheceste.
a insistência numa mentira é a tua nova forma de argumentares?
ou sempre foi assim?
agora eu ia-me embora zangado a dizer 'o neo mentiu'.
é só para veres as figuras que fazes.

L
Be Kind; Everyone You Meet is Fighting a Battle.
Ian Mclaren
------------------------------
If you have more than you need, build a longer table rather than a taller fence.
l6l803399
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So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is...fear itself — nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance.
Franklin D. Roosevelt

tommy

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Re: Grécia - Tópico principal
« Responder #7529 em: 2015-07-07 16:12:01 »
as coisas na grecia vao comecar a apertar em breve, a economia deve estar a comecar a colapsar

Se isso acontecer, fará parte do guião. Tens que aprender a pensar 7 passos à frentes, ok?

agora fica 'feliz e descontraído' com o aperto a que os gregos estão sujeitos.

'no pasa nada'.

Lark

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Re: Grécia - Tópico principal
« Responder #7530 em: 2015-07-07 16:36:06 »
não me parece que alguém alguma vez tenha dito que isto vai ser fácil.
no período de reintrodução do dracma ainda vai ser mais difícil.

mas os gregos já mostraram a sua resiliência:

Citar
“You tell me if there is any other country in Europe where they close the banks for a week and 61% of the people still say no?” This question was posed with immense pride by a schoolteacher as she wandered through the crowds celebrating in central Athens in the early hours of Monday morning. Tired from supporting her husband, laid off from the state broadcaster three years ago and their daughter on a single wage, she was exultant.


vão passar mais dificuldades, muito mais. mas vão conseguir.
e daqui a um ou dois anos voltamos a falar.
vai ser difícil aos austéricos, justificar a prosperidade grega, nessa altura.
quando estiverem muito melhor que os portugueses e os portugueses estiverem já a fazer o caminho que os gregos fazem agora.
tal como os espanhois e italianos.

quanto ao guião: está a desenrolar-se exactamente como previsto. e o varoufakis continua a pensar muitas jogadas à frente da burocracia europeia.

neste momento o que está em cima da mesa é um contrato ponte para levar os bancos solventes até ao fim das negociações e implementação das medidas nelas discutidas
esse contrato ponte vai na verdade ser utuilizado como almofada financeira para permitir uma transição para o dracma menos dolorosa.

compreendo que alguns estejam já a entrar na fase do paroxismo eufórico, a imaginar os gregos deitados pelas ruas de atenas cheios de fome.
como prometi ainda vão ter mais que isso. ainda vão chegar à fase do delírio absoluto.
só que depois.... silêncio absoluto.

como é pessoal que não tem medo do rídiculo, depois hão-de perguntar como os gauleses 'alésia? nunca ouvi falar de alésia!' e vão-se embora muito incomodados.
em vez de alésia será grécia, o país que resiste ainda e sempre à burocracia europeia.



L
« Última modificação: 2015-07-07 16:40:05 por Lark »
Be Kind; Everyone You Meet is Fighting a Battle.
Ian Mclaren
------------------------------
If you have more than you need, build a longer table rather than a taller fence.
l6l803399
-------------------------------------------
So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is...fear itself — nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance.
Franklin D. Roosevelt

Zel

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Re: Grécia - Tópico principal
« Responder #7531 em: 2015-07-07 16:38:27 »
* DJ EU'S DIJSSELBLOEM: ANOTHER EUROGROUP NEEDED TO DECIDE WHETHER TO HOLD NEGOTIATIONS

* JUNCKER SAYS GREEK SOLUTION 'DEPENDS ON MR. TSIPRAS'

estao a negociar comecar a negociar... haha

grande previsao do varoufakis aquela do acordo em 24h, sempre 7 passos a frente

eu já te expliquei que não foi isso que ele disse. e tu reconheceste.
a insistência numa mentira é a tua nova forma de argumentares?
ou sempre foi assim?
agora eu ia-me embora zangado a dizer 'o neo mentiu'.
é só para veres as figuras que fazes.

L

foi obviamente uma previsao do varoufakis bastante idiota

ou tera sido um hipotetico tipo... invasao do espaco, o que sera mais logico para ti?

Counter Retail Trader

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Re: Grécia - Tópico principal
« Responder #7532 em: 2015-07-07 16:40:46 »
E os outros sao estupidos ou burros e nao prevem isso.

Por isso pedem garantias.... cada vez mais....
Sinceramente era de largar e cada vez que algo Grego (do estado) entrasse em solo EU era confiscado. (como a estoria do aviao da tap no brazil   ;D   )

Lark

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Re: Grécia - Tópico principal
« Responder #7533 em: 2015-07-07 16:44:23 »
* DJ EU'S DIJSSELBLOEM: ANOTHER EUROGROUP NEEDED TO DECIDE WHETHER TO HOLD NEGOTIATIONS

* JUNCKER SAYS GREEK SOLUTION 'DEPENDS ON MR. TSIPRAS'

estao a negociar comecar a negociar... haha

grande previsao do varoufakis aquela do acordo em 24h, sempre 7 passos a frente

eu já te expliquei que não foi isso que ele disse. e tu reconheceste.
a insistência numa mentira é a tua nova forma de argumentares?
ou sempre foi assim?
agora eu ia-me embora zangado a dizer 'o neo mentiu'.
é só para veres as figuras que fazes.

L

foi obviamente uma previsao do varoufakis bastante idiota

ou tera sido um hipotetico tipo... invasao do espaco, o que sera mais logico para ti?

não foi uma previsão: "In 24h we COULD have an agreement" é uma hipótese.

se os credores quisessem poder-se-ia chegar a acordo em 24 horas. 'se os credores quisessem' - uma hipótese.
já estás a ver a diferença entre uma declaração hipotética e uma previsão?

mas não tem problema. estás no período de euforia. tens desculpa.

L
Be Kind; Everyone You Meet is Fighting a Battle.
Ian Mclaren
------------------------------
If you have more than you need, build a longer table rather than a taller fence.
l6l803399
-------------------------------------------
So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is...fear itself — nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance.
Franklin D. Roosevelt

Lark

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Re: Grécia - Tópico principal
« Responder #7534 em: 2015-07-07 16:46:57 »
E os outros sao estupidos ou burros e nao prevem isso.

Por isso pedem garantias.... cada vez mais....
Sinceramente era de largar e cada vez que algo Grego (do estado) entrasse em solo EU era confiscado. (como a estoria do aviao da tap no brazil   ;D   )

era preciso haver leis para isso.
não há.
não basta querer. há que poder.
e não podem fazer isso.

iso já foi aqui repetido variadíssimas vezes. não tens estado com atenção, pois não? é copmpreensível. a euforia provocada pelo mal dos outros é muito poderosa.

L
Be Kind; Everyone You Meet is Fighting a Battle.
Ian Mclaren
------------------------------
If you have more than you need, build a longer table rather than a taller fence.
l6l803399
-------------------------------------------
So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is...fear itself — nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance.
Franklin D. Roosevelt

Zel

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Re: Grécia - Tópico principal
« Responder #7535 em: 2015-07-07 16:50:34 »
lark, acho que estas com um problema linguistico e de interpretacao

uma previsao nao eh uma garantia. foi obviamente uma previsao tola senao qual seria o sentido de escrever aquilo em particular?

sabias que ha milhoes de coulds, se alguem escolhe um em particular para tweetar eh porque acha a coisa provavel e credivel

mas fica com a tua interpretacao... e nao te esquecas...

"in the next 24h there COULD be a miracle" aleluia brother !

so para te animar

tommy

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Re: Grécia - Tópico principal
« Responder #7536 em: 2015-07-07 16:50:59 »
É incrível a retórica da esquerdalha, arranjam sempre uma história, uma narrativa para qualquer coisa que aconteça. Ora é um povo que se revolta contra os opressores, ora é como um jogo de xadrez. Outra vezes volta a conversa dos ricos contra os pobres, depois do david contra o golias. Enquanto dura este delírio, o povo vai passando fome, ficando sem medicamentos e sem rolos de papel higiénico.

No fim quem tem o dinheiro manda. Merkel.
Quem não tem põe-se de joelhos de pata no ar a pedir. Tsipras.

Fugir a isto é entrar na via irreal do conto de fadas, que enche os ignorantes de orgulho e a população de fome.
E sempre cheio de certezas que tem toda a razão, mesmo que tudo à sua volta demonstre cabalmente que está errado.

Siga camarada.  :D

Lark

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Re: Grécia - Tópico principal
« Responder #7537 em: 2015-07-07 16:51:52 »
Paul Krugman - New York Times Blog
JUL 7 11:37 AM Jul 7 11:37 am
Debt Deflation in Greece





However things play out from here — I find it hard to see a path other than Grexit — the troika’s program for Greece represents one of history’s epic policy failures. Even if you ignore the economic and human toll, it was an utter failure in terms of restoring solvency. In 2009, before the program, Greek debt was 126 percent of GDP. After five years, debt was … 177 percent of GDP.

How did that happen? Did the Greeks continue massive borrowing? As the chart shows, the answer is a definite no. Greek debt at the end of 2014 was only 6 percent higher than it was at the end of 2009. Admittedly, that number reflects a significant haircut on private debt along the way, but it was still nothing like the continued borrowing binge some imagine.

What happened instead was, of course, the collapse of GDP — itself largely the result of the austerity program.

What this suggests is that the troika program was simply infeasible, and would have been infeasible no matter how willing the Greeks had been to make sacrifices. The more they cut, the worse things got, because of Fisherian debt deflation.

I suppose you can argue that structural reforms might have delivered a boost in competitiveness, but the truth is that there’s very little evidence supporting the conventional faith in such reforms.

Some of my more conventional contacts like to insist that Greek austerity was unavoidable, and it’s true that one way or another Greece was going to have to achieve a primary surplus. If currency devaluation had been an option, this would have required much less austerity, because of the boost from easier monetary policy; but within the euro a lot of austerity was indeed something that had to happen. But the key point is that the austerity ended up being not just incredibly painful but completely futile, because it wasn’t accompanied by massive debt relief.

Is this kind of futility always the case? Not necessarily; if you try to do the arithmetic here, it becomes clear that a lot depends on the initial level of debt. If Greece had received major debt forgiveness, it would still have gone through hell, but with at least some hint of an eventual exit. Instead it was pushed into a cycle of ever-worse pain without hope.

Krugman
Be Kind; Everyone You Meet is Fighting a Battle.
Ian Mclaren
------------------------------
If you have more than you need, build a longer table rather than a taller fence.
l6l803399
-------------------------------------------
So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is...fear itself — nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance.
Franklin D. Roosevelt

Lark

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Re: Grécia - Tópico principal
« Responder #7538 em: 2015-07-07 16:53:12 »
É incrível a retórica da esquerdalha, arranjam sempre uma história, uma narrativa para qualquer coisa que aconteça. Ora é um povo que se revolta contra os opressores, ora é como um jogo de xadrez. Outra vezes volta a conversa dos ricos contra os pobres, depois do david contra o golias. Enquanto dura este delírio, o povo vai passando fome, ficando sem medicamentos e sem rolos de papel higiénico.

No fim quem tem o dinheiro manda. Merkel.
Quem não tem põe-se de joelhos de pata no ar a pedir. Tsipras.

Fugir a isto é entrar na via irreal do conto de fadas, que enche os ignorantes de orgulho e a população de fome.
E sempre cheio de certezas que tem toda a razão, mesmo que tudo à sua volta demonstre cabalmente que está errado.

Siga camarada.  :D

uma excelente tarde para ti também, tommy.

L
Be Kind; Everyone You Meet is Fighting a Battle.
Ian Mclaren
------------------------------
If you have more than you need, build a longer table rather than a taller fence.
l6l803399
-------------------------------------------
So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is...fear itself — nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance.
Franklin D. Roosevelt

Counter Retail Trader

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Re: Grécia - Tópico principal
« Responder #7539 em: 2015-07-07 16:56:44 »
E os outros sao estupidos ou burros e nao prevem isso.

Por isso pedem garantias.... cada vez mais....
Sinceramente era de largar e cada vez que algo Grego (do estado) entrasse em solo EU era confiscado. (como a estoria do aviao da tap no brazil   ;D   )

era preciso haver leis para isso.
não há.
não basta querer. há que poder.
e não podem fazer isso.

iso já foi aqui repetido variadíssimas vezes. não tens estado com atenção, pois não? é copmpreensível. a euforia provocada pelo mal dos outros é muito poderosa.

L

Nao disse que era  legal ou nao , apesar de isso ser discutivel mesmo entre paises que nao tem tratados de cooperação. Tirei do pressuposto que tal nao fosse possivel , mas deveria ser!

Com o mal deles posso eu , concertos e cerveja , que tristeza , acho que me vou atirar do predio