Em relação as infraestruturas no USA estarem más, não posso pronunciar-me. Mas na Alemanha do que conheço (que não é muito) não achei. Autobahns boas, com multiplas faixas, sinalização impecável. Em sítios estavam em obras de melhoramento (zona de Dortmund).
Nacionais em excelente estado.
O centro de Munster, Berlim, Dortmund, pareceram-me num bom ou excelente estado. Munster então adorei.
Berlim com bons sistemas de transportes e montes de obras. Quando aquilo acabar deve ficar um luxo.
Os aeroportos pareceram-me bem razoáveis. Nada de luxos, mas funcionais para o fluxo que vi.
Convém lembramos que os gastos com a reintegração da ex-RDA foram (estimativas que li) perto de 1 000 G Euros ... muita coisa nessa zona ainda deve estar em excelente estado (bem sei que não foi tudo gasto em obras públicas).
um artigo que endereça os dois pontos, seguido do ponto de vista do FMI:
Germany and the USA are falling short on infrastructure investment
“Germany is collapsing.” This was the headline of a recent provocative article in German news magazine Der Spiegel that criticized the sorry state of Germany’s infrastructure, writes Bartek Starodaj. And indeed, even as the U.S. economy appears to be growing strongly for the first time in seven years, and as Germany’s economy limps along, political leaders in both countries have resigned themselves to reducing infrastructure investment and delaying mounting maintenance costs.
This trend has continued despite a growing consensus in both countries on the need for increased infrastructure investment. In Germany, both states and the business community pressed Chancellor Angel Merkel to increase infrastructure spending as that country’s economy began to slow in 2014. Her government has hinted that additional investment might be on the horizon. Nonetheless, the Merkel government still gives priority to balancing the national budget over increasing infrastructure investment.
In the United States, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and state governors have frequently called on the federal government to pass a new infrastructure spending bill. U.S. President Barack Obama even commented to a group of businesses leaders that the country’s infrastructure was “embarrassing,” although he carefully noted the difficulty of securing additional funding. He echoed this message again during last month’s State of the Union address, proclaiming the need for “modern ports, stronger bridges, faster trains, and the fastest internet,” and proposing a bipartisan infrastructure plan that “could make [the United States] stronger for decades to come.” Yet Obama has also remained cautious about increasing income from sources such as the federal gas tax and has failed to secure other financial resources from an equally hesitant Congress.
As Obama correctly pointed out in his State of the Union speech, infrastructure investment can boost productivity and lower costs for businesses and their economic outputs. Poor roads, overburdened rail systems, and aging bridges dampen future growth prospects and add significant costs to businesses and residents. In both Germany and the United States, 30 years of underinvestment is slowly eating away at once-formidable infrastructure networks. A recent International Monetary Fund report singled out the United States and Germany as laggards in their infrastructure investment, despite the long-term economic gains from public investment and today’s historically low borrowing costs.
Federal infrastructure spending in both countries has sunk to record lows, from well over 3 percent of GDP in the early 1970s to under 2 percent in the United States and Germany. The American Society of Civil Engineers frequently releases figures of the annual infrastructure funding gap, which stands at well over $100 billion a year in the United States for the maintenance of existing major roads alone. As a consequence, 32 percent of roads in the United States are in either poor or mediocre condition. In Germany, 40 percent of all bridges are said to be in a “critical” state.
But it will take more than money to fix this problem. The crisis instead demands more flexible solutions and visionary leadership. It requires creative thinking about where and how we choose to make our investments for public benefit, and how we could potentially retrofit existing infrastructure to meet multiple societal goals. Examples could include small-scale neighborhood-level projects that involve citizens, rather than the large-scale projects that might impress initially, but are vulnerable to cost overruns and long delays (about which Germany knows plenty).
In addition to the brick and mortar investments that the United States and Germany need to make, both countries should also look to infrastructure investment as a tool for meeting long-term social or economic goals. This will require looking forward and building the systems that will be resilient and relevant in 10 or 50 years, meeting the environmental or demographic challenges that we know are quickly approaching. In this more expansive view, infrastructure investment means investing in energy efficiency, renewable energy systems, less-crowded schools, transportation systems that meet the needs of an aging population, world-class parks, and high-speed Internet access.
Infrastructure investment is an imperative for both the United States and Europe. Just as importantly, this investment must be tied to a larger consciousness and vision of the kind of societies that both Germany and the United States want to become. Only then will the infrastructure being created now deliver tangible prosperity in the future. And perhaps, this vision will motivate reluctant politicians to make the serious financial commitments that are sorely needed.
fonteIMF Calls on Germany to Invest More in Infrastructure
Move would increase German growth prospects and offset weak demand in world’s most mature economies, says IMF
BERLIN—The International Monetary Fund called on Germany to invest more in its infrastructure to boost its long-term growth prospects and help offset persistently weak demand in the world’s most mature economies.
The German government’s current plans for spending on infrastructure like public transport and energy efficiency “do not fully address existing needs and a stronger effort would be warranted,” the IMF said in the preliminary conclusions of its so-called Article IV report, which assesses each country’s economic health.
The IMF stressed that the German economy was in a favorable cyclical position and that its policy advice therefore focused on strengthening the foundations for medium-term growth. Such advice includes steps to make it easier for women to work, to increase competition in the services sector and to pre-empt a potential bubble in the property market.
While investment and consumptions rebounded in Germany last year after decades of mainly export-led growth, its current-account surplus—a measure of excess savings in the economy—has continued to rise, reaching €215.3 billion ($241.1 billion) in 2014, up 14% in a year. This lopsided development has drawn calls from international institutions and other governments on Berlin to do more to support its domestic economy, thus providing a bigger outlet for weaker neighboring economies.
“This is a large surplus, both across countries and historically for Germany, and it’s going to get bigger,” Enrica Detragiache, head of the IMF’s mission to Germany, said. “A country like Germany should have a current-account surplus but not necessarily that large.”
However, German officials argue that the current weakness of the euro, which makes German exports cheaper, and cheap energy prices, which keep import prices in check, are making it more difficult to reduce the surplus.
The IMF said the surplus would be over 8% of German gross domestic product this year, partly because of these twin trends.
As one remedy, the German government should not only spend more on public infrastructure but also better harness private-sector funds, for instance through public-private partnerships at the municipal level, Ms. Detragiache told journalists in Berlin.
More and better public spending wouldn't only increase domestic demand but also improve Germany’s future growth potential and prime corporate investment too, the IMF argues. It would also help offset weak aggregate demand in other European economies that have less leeway to boost public spending because of depleted public coffers.
Germany also needs to reform elements of its tax and benefits system that currently act as a disincentive for women to take on full-time jobs, she said, and scrap legal privileges that insulate professions ranging from architects to consultants, lawyers and tax advisers from competition.
The IMF have been urging those changes on Germany for years, but successive conservative-led governments under Chancellor Angela Merkel have largely ignored the politically sensitive advice.
While property prices have increased in large German cities in recent years after decades of stagnation, there was no sign of a speculative bubble yet, Ms. Detragiache said. But, she added, the government should ensure it had all the tools to tackle such a bubble if it materialized, for instance by moving to constrain mortgage loan eligibility.
wsj
